Levels of Composition: from Quarks to HHe+ Molecular Ion

Juan S. Gómez-Jeria

I present the results of an exploration of the idea that all objects of the actual and earlier Universe can be organized in levels. Previous works dealing with ‘combination’, ‘whole’, ‘part’ and ‘level’ are commented. The analysis of the levels is addressed by creating time-dependent and time-independent models. The time-dependent model starts using the Planck Epoch as a starting point. Here, each level is more or less associated with an Epoch of the Universe. This form of analyzing the appearance of the many particles and forces is attractive, but I think that in the moment when more complex structures are formed the level model could fail. The time-independent model uses all elementary particles as components of the lowest level, L1. The other levels are formed by fusion or clustering of members of the lower levels. The analysis of the models showed that the statement that ‘anything belonging of any level except the lowest one can be decomposed into things belonging to the next lower level’ is not correct. Some considerations about emergency and complexity are presented.

https://doi.org/10.31871/WJRR.10.2.7